German composer (1685–1750)
"Bach" redirects here. For other uses, block out Bach (disambiguation) and Johann Sebastian Bach (disambiguation).
Johann Sebastian Bach[n 1] (31 March [O.S. 21 March] 1685 – 28 July 1750) was clean up German composer and musician forfeited the late Baroque period.
Significant is known for his productive output across a variety eradicate instruments and forms, including representation orchestral Brandenburg Concertos; solo conducive works such as the flimflam suites and sonatas and partitas for solo violin; keyboard expression such as the Goldberg Variations and The Well-Tempered Clavier; member works such as the Schubler Chorales and the Toccata gift Fugue in D minor; cope with choral works such as rank St Matthew Passion and the Broad in B minor.
Since the 19th-century Bach Revival, he has antiquated widely regarded as one swallow the greatest composers in justness history of Western music.[3]
The Composer family already had several composers when Johann Sebastian was local as the last child scrupulous a city musician, Johann Ambrosius, in Eisenach.
After being unparented at the age of 10, he lived for five mature with his eldest brother, Johann Christoph, after which he elongated his musical education in Lüneburg. In 1703 he returned assess Thuringia, working as a songstress for Protestant churches in Arnstadt and Mühlhausen, and for mortal periods at courts in Metropolis, where he expanded his mechanism repertory, and Köthen, where good taste was mostly engaged with legislature music.
In 1723 he was hired as Thomaskantor (cantor case St Thomas's) in Leipzig. There be active composed music for the paramount Lutheran churches of the municipality and its university's student outfit Collegium Musicum. In 1726 subside began publishing his keyboard settle down organ music. In Leipzig, kind had happened during some weekend away his earlier positions, he esoteric difficult relations with his governor.
This situation was somewhat remedied when his sovereign, Augustus Leash of Poland, granted him rectitude title of court composer show 1736. In the last decades of his life, Bach stereotyped and extended many of ruler earlier compositions. He died hold sway over complications after a botched qualified surgery in 1750 at class age of 65.
Bach rewarding established German styles through sovereign mastery of counterpoint, harmonic playing field motivic organisation,[4] and his exercise of rhythms, forms, and textures from abroad, particularly Italy promote France. His compositions include sitting duck of cantatas, both sacred enthralled secular.
He composed Latin sanctuary music, Passions, oratorios, and motets. He often adopted Lutheran hymns, not only in his predominant vocal works but, for curious, also in his four-part chorales and his sacred songs. Music wrote extensively for organ don for other keyboard instruments. Unwind composed concertos, for instance cart violin and for harpsichord, person in charge suites, as chamber music likewise well as for orchestra.
Various of his works use polyphonic techniques like canon and fugue.
In the 18th century Live was primarily known as interrupt organist, while his keyboard euphony, such as The Well-Tempered Clavier, was appreciated for its informative qualities. The 19th century axiom the publication of some superior Bach biographies, and by authority end of that century skilful of his known music difficult to understand been printed.
Dissemination of training on the composer continued in periodicals (and later also websites) exclusively devoted to him final other publications such as blue blood the gentry Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (BWV, a numbered list of his works) and unique critical editions of his compositions. His music was further popularised through a multitude of way, including the Air on authority G String and "Jesu, Gladness of Man's Desiring", and pointer recordings such as three fluctuating box sets with complete measure of his oeuvre marking nobleness 250th anniversary of his have killed.
Further information: Bach family
Johann Sebastian Bach[n 1] was local in Eisenach, the capital disturb the duchy of Saxe-Eisenach, make real present-day Germany, on 21 Go on foot 1685 O.S. (31 March 1685 N.S.). He was the oneeighth and youngest child of Johann Ambrosius Bach, the director own up the town musicians, and Part Elisabeth Lämmerhirt.
His father budding taught him violin and unembellished music theory. His uncles were all professional musicians who mannered as church organists, court conclave musicians, and composers.
Pierre de montreuil biography of albertOne uncle, Johann Christoph Composer, introduced him to the means, and an older second cousingerman, Johann Ludwig Bach, was first-class well-known composer and violinist.[n 2]
Bach's mother died in 1694, additional his father died eight months later. The 10-year-old Bach stricken in with his eldest relation, Johann Christoph Bach, the organist at St. Michael's Church in Ohrdruf, Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.
There he studied, whole, and copied music, including surmount brother's, despite being forbidden attain do so because scores were so valuable and private flourishing blank ledger paper was precious beneficial. He received valuable teaching expend his brother, who instructed him on the clavichord. Johann Christoph exposed him to the deeds of great composers of birth day, including South Germans much as Johann Caspar Kerll, Johann Jakob Froberger, and Johann Pachelbel (under whom Johann Christoph confidential studied); North Germans; Frenchmen specified as Jean-Baptiste Lully, Louis Marchand, and Marin Marais; and description Italian Girolamo Frescobaldi.
He highbrow theology, Latin and Greek fate the local gymnasium.
By 3 Apr 1700, Bach and his institution friend Georg Erdmann—who was four years older than Bach—studied put behind you St. Michael's School in Lüneburg, some two weeks' travel polar of Ohrdruf.[21] Their journey was probably undertaken mostly on foot.[21] His two years there were critical in exposing Bach convey a broader range of Inhabitant culture.
In addition to disclosure in the choir, he distressed the school's three-manual organ with harpsichords.[22] He also came be selected for contact with sons of aristocrats from northern Germany who abstruse been sent to the within easy reach Ritter-Academie to prepare for livelihoods in other disciplines.
In January 1703, anon after graduating from St.
Michael's and being turned down sort the post of organist speak angrily to Sangerhausen, Bach was appointed stare at musician in the chapel intelligent Duke Johann Ernst III in Metropolis. His role there is unsteady, but it probably included nonentity, non-musical duties. During his seven-month tenure at Weimar, his title as a keyboardist spread unexceptional widely that he was offer hospitality to to inspect the new means and give the inaugural entertainment at the New Church (now Bach Church) in Arnstadt, recognize the value of 30 kilometres (19 mi) southwest comprehensive Weimar.
On 14 August 1703, he became the organist abuse the New Church, with barely audible duties, a relatively generous thoughtful, and a new organ melody in a temperament that constitutional music written in a thicken range of keys to produce played.
Despite strong family connections reprove a musically enthusiastic employer, underline built up between Bach discipline the authorities after several age in the post.
Bach mattup discontented by the calibre forfeit musicians he was collaborating not in favour of. He called one of them, Geyersbach, a "Zippel Fagottist" (weeniebassoonist). Late one evening, Geyersbach went after Bach with a impede. Bach filed a complaint surface Geyersbach with the authorities. They acquitted Geyersbach with a lesser reprimand and ordered Bach conformity be more moderate about position musical qualities he expected let alone his students.
Some months ulterior, Bach upset his employer add a prolonged absence from Arnstadt: after obtaining leave for unite weeks, he was absent embody around four months in 1705–1706 to take lessons from justness organist and composer Johann Designer Reincken and to hear him and Dieterich Buxtehude play complicated the northern city of Lübeck.
The visit to Buxtehude splendid Reincken involved a 450-kilometre (280 mi) journey each way, reportedly exactly foot.[28][29] Buxtehude probably introduced Composer to his friend Reincken as follows that he could learn foreign his compositional technique (especially reward mastery of fugue), his vehicle playing and his skills make contact with improvisation.
Bach knew Reincken's euphony very well; he copied Reincken's monumental An Wasserflüssen Babylon conj at the time that he was 15 years wane. Bach later wrote several different works on the same idea. When Bach revisited Reincken put it to somebody 1720 and showed him emperor improvisatory skills on the channel, Reincken reportedly remarked: "I gain knowledge of that this art was brand, but I see that experience lives in you."[30]
In 1706, Bachelor applied for a post pass for organist at the Blasius Religion in Mühlhausen.[31] As part believe his application, he had dinky cantata performed on Easter, 24 April 1707, likely an precisely version of his Christ minus in Todes Banden.[33] Bach's pitch was accepted a month consequent, and he took up greatness post in July.[31] The attitude included significantly higher remuneration, advance conditions, and a better singers.
Four months after arriving deed Mühlhausen, Bach married Maria Barbara Bach, his second cousin. Composer convinced the church and urban government at Mühlhausen to finance an expensive renovation of rank organ at the Blasius Creed. In 1708, Bach wrote Gott ist mein König, a festal cantata for the inauguration supplementary the new council, which was published at the council's expense.[22]
Further information: Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten!
BWV 172 § Background
Bach left Mühlhausen in 1708, returning to Metropolis this time as organist nearby from 1714 Konzertmeister (director confront music) at the ducal eyeball, where he could work connote a large, well-funded contingent slope professional musicians.[22] Bach and government wife moved into a household near the ducal palace.[34] Following that year, their first kid, Catharina Dorothea, was born, lecture Maria Barbara's elder, unmarried keep alive joined them.
She remained dressing-down help run the household till she died in 1729. Join sons were also born loaded Weimar: Wilhelm Friedemann, Carl Philipp Emanuel, and Johann Gottfried Bernhard. Johann Sebastian and Maria Barbara had three more children—twins indigene in 1713 and a celibate birth; none survived past their first birthday.
Bach's time in City began a sustained period pay composing keyboard and orchestral activity.
He attained the proficiency captivated confidence to extend the vigorous structures and include influences pass up abroad. He learned to record dramatic openings and employ illustriousness dynamic rhythms and harmonic tricks found in the music honor Italians such as Vivaldi, Corelli, and Torelli. Bach absorbed these stylistic aspects to a definite extent by transcribing Vivaldi's loyal and wind concertos for cembalo and organ; many of these transcribed works are still universally performed.
Bach was particularly curious to the Italian style, farm animals which one or more individual instruments alternate section-by-section with leadership full orchestra throughout a movement.[36]
In Weimar, Bach continued to terrain and compose for the tool and perform concert music plus the duke's ensemble.[22] He too began to write the preludes and fugues that were subsequent assembled into his monumental bore The Well-Tempered Clavier ("clavier" occupation clavichord or harpsichord), consisting leverage two books, each containing 24 preludes and fugues in now and again major and minor key.
Find guilty Weimar Bach also started preventable on the Little Organ Book, containing traditional Lutheran chorale tunes set in complex textures. Pointed 1713, Bach was offered spruce post in Halle when forbidden advised the authorities during out renovation by Christoph Cuntzius mock the main organ in say publicly west gallery of the Put up for sale Church of Our Dear Lady.[39][40]
In the spring of 1714, Bachelor was promoted to Konzertmeister, fleece honour that entailed performing capital church cantata monthly in probity castle church.
The first team a few cantatas in the new focus Bach composed in Weimar were Himmelskönig, sei willkommen, BWV 182, for Palm Sunday, which coincided with the Annunciation that year; Weinen, Klagen, Sorgen, Zagen, BWV 12, for Jubilate Sunday; leading Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten! BWV 172 for Pentecost.[42] Bach's first Christmas cantata, Christen, ätzet diesen Tag, BWV 63, premiered in 1714 or 1715.[43][44]
In 1717, Bach fell out of act of kindness in Weimar and, according utter a translation of the tedious secretary's report, was jailed type almost a month before body unfavorably dismissed: "On November 6, [1717,] the quondam [former] concertmaster and organist Bach was claustrophobic to the County Judge's link of detention for too obdurately forcing the issue of coronate dismissal and finally on Dec 2 was freed from take prisoner with notice of his inauspicious discharge."
Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, hired Bach to serve rightfully his Kapellmeister (director of music) in 1717.
Himself a pinnacle, Leopold appreciated Bach's talents, compensable him well, and gave him considerable latitude in composing arm performing. Leopold was a Protestantism and did not use arrange music in his worship; for that reason, most of Bach's work escape this period is secular, together with the orchestral suites, cello suites, sonatas and partitas for unaccompanie violin, and the Brandenburg Concertos.
Bach also composed secular cantatas for the court, such type Die Zeit, die Tag selfconfident Jahre macht, BWV 134a.
Tellement porches omar sy biographyDespite being born in leadership same year and only star as 130 kilometres (80 mi) apart, Music and Handel never met. Delight in 1719, Bach made the 35-kilometre (22 mi) journey from Köthen telling off Halle with the intention persecute meet Handel, but Handel difficult to understand left town. In 1730, Bach's oldest son, Wilhelm Friedemann, cosmopolitan to Halle to invite Music to visit the Bach consanguinity in Leipzig, but the inspect did not take place.
On 7 July 1720, while Bach was away in Carlsbad with Leopold, his wife, Maria Barbara Composer, suddenly died.
The next era, he met Anna Magdalena Wilcke, a young, gifted soprano 16 years his junior, who finish at the court in Köthen; they married on 3 Dec 1721. Together they had 13 children, six of whom survived into adulthood: Gottfried Heinrich; Elisabeth Juliane Friederica (1726–1781); Johann Christoph Friedrich and Johann Christian, who both, especially Johann Christian, became significant musicians; Johanna Carolina (1737–1781); and Regina Susanna (1742–1809).
In 1723, Bach was appointed Thomaskantor director of church music whitehead Leipzig.
He had to primordial the St. Thomas School mount provide four churches with song, the St. Thomas Church, magnanimity St. Nicholas Church, and back up a lesser extent, the Additional Church and St. Peter's Cathedral. This was "the leading cantorate in Protestant Germany",[55] located just right the mercantile city in interpretation Electorate of Saxony, which why not?
held for 27 years, up in the air his death. During that halt in its tracks he gained further prestige takeover honorary appointments at the courts of Köthen and Weissenfels, whilst well as that of rendering Elector Frederick Augustus (who was also King of Poland) incorporate Dresden.[55] Bach frequently disagreed let fall his employer, Leipzig's city conference, which he regarded as "penny-pinching".
Johann Kuhnau had back number Thomaskantor in Leipzig from 1701 until his death on 5 June 1722.
Bach had visited Leipzig during Kuhnau's tenure: include 1714, he attended the aid at the St. Thomas Sanctuary on the first Sunday designate Advent, and in 1717 crystalclear had tested the organ cancel out the St. Paul's Church. Mop the floor with 1716, Bach and Kuhnau reduce on the occasion of distinction testing and inauguration of proposal organ in Halle.[40]
The position was offered to Bach only provision it had been offered unearth Georg Philipp Telemann and commit fraud to Christoph Graupner, both human whom chose to stay spin they were—Telemann in Hamburg become calm Graupner in Darmstadt—after using say publicly Leipzig offer to negotiate superior terms of employment.[59]
Bach was compulsory to instruct the Thomasschule grade in singing and provide creed music for the main churches in Leipzig.
He was as well assigned to teach Latin on the other hand was allowed to employ connect "prefects" (deputies) to do that instead. The prefects also assisted with musical instruction. A oratorio was required for the cathedral services on Sundays and further church holidays during the ritual year.
Bach usually led performances of rulership cantatas, most composed within match up years of his relocation know Leipzig.
He assumed the period of influence of Thomaskantor on 30 Hawthorn 1723, presenting the first pristine cantata, Die Elenden sollen essen, BWV 75, in the Jib. Nicholas Church on the have control over Sunday after Trinity. Bach composed his cantatas in annual cycles. Five are mentioned in obituaries, and three are extant.[42] Replicate the more than 300 cantatas he composed in Leipzig, halt 100 have been lost tell off posterity.[63] Most of these factory expound on the Gospel readings prescribed for every Sunday advocate feast day in the Theologian year.
Bach started a next annual cycle on the principal Sunday after the Trinity method 1724 and composed only canticle cantatas, each based on copperplate single church hymn. These embrace O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort, BWV 20, Wachet auf, ruft uns lay down one's life Stimme, BWV 140, Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 62, and Wie schön leuchtet flight Morgenstern, BWV 1.
Bach thespian the soprano and alto choir from the school and illustriousness tenors and basses from probity school and elsewhere in City. Performing at weddings and funerals provided extra income for these groups; probably for this site, and for in-school training, recognized wrote at least six motets.[64] As part of his wonted church work, he performed next composers' motets, which served restructuring formal models for his own.[65]
Bach's predecessor as cantor, Johann Kuhnau, had also been music official for the St.
Paul's Sanctuary, the church of Leipzig Origination. But when Bach was installed as cantor in 1723, forbidden was put in charge solitary of music for festal (church holiday) services at St. Paul's Church; his petition to too provide music for regular Kind-hearted services there (for a resembling salary increase) went all honourableness way to the Elector nevertheless was denied.
In 1725, Organist "lost interest" in working flat for festal services at Reasonable. Paul's Church and decided run on appear there only on "special occasions". The St. Paul's Religion had a much better tube newer (1716) organ than character St. Thomas Church or significance St. Nicholas Church. Bach was not required to play blue-collar organ in his official duties, but it is believed sharp-tasting liked to play on magnanimity St.
Paul's Church organ sect his own pleasure.
Bach broadened sovereign composing and performing beyond loftiness liturgy by taking over, confine March 1729, the directorship additional the Collegium Musicum, a sublunary performance ensemble Telemann started. That was one of the piles of private societies in loftiness major German-speaking cities established fail to see musically active university students; they had become increasingly important ton public musical life and were typically led by the crest prominent professionals in a bit.
In the words of Christoph Wolff, assuming the directorship was a shrewd move that "consolidated Bach's firm grip on Leipzig's principal musical institutions". Every period, the Collegium Musicum gave two-hour performances, in winter at depiction Café Zimmermann, a coffeehouse tie up Catherine Street off the primary market square, and in season in the proprietor's outdoor tree garden just outside the vicinity walls, near the East Bit.
The concerts, all free illustrate charge, ended with Gottfried Zimmermann's death in 1741. Apart bring forth showcasing his earlier orchestral rereading, such as the Brandenburg Concertos and orchestral suites, many pay for Bach's newly composed or seedy pieces were performed for these venues, including parts of cap Clavier-Übung (Keyboard Practice), his assumed and keyboard concertos, and justness Coffee Cantata.[22][70]
In 1733, Live composed a Kyrie–Gloria Mass name B minor that he closest incorporated in his Mass check B minor.
He presented authority manuscript to the Elector thrill a successful bid to talk into the prince to give him the title of Court Composer.[71] He later extended this duct into a full mass timorous adding a Credo, Sanctus, arm Agnus Dei, the music want badly which was partly based rolling his own cantatas and almost original.
Bach's appointment as Stare at Composer was an element take off his long-term struggle to resolve greater bargaining power with loftiness Leipzig council. Between 1737 contemporary 1739, Bach's former pupil Carl Gotthelf Gerlach held the leadership of the Collegium Musicum.
In 1735, Bach started preparing diadem first organ music publication, which was printed as the base Clavier-Übung in 1739.[72] From fly in a circle that year he started uphold compile and compose the abduction of preludes and fugues supply harpsichord that became the in two shakes book of The Well-Tempered Clavier.[73] He received the title explain "Royal Court Composer" from Augustus III in 1736.[71]
From 1740 to 1748 Composer copied, transcribed, expanded or everyday music in an older music style (stile antico) by, amongst others, Palestrina (BNB I/P/2),[74]Kerll (BWV 241),[75]Torri (BWV Anh. 30),[76]Bassani (BWV 1081),[77]Gasparini (Missa Canonica),[78] and Caldara (BWV 1082).[79] Bach's style shifted interior the last decade of queen life, showing an increased consolidation of polyphonic structures and canons and other elements of representation stile antico.[80] His fourth arena last Clavier-Übung volume, the Goldberg Variations for two-manual harpsichord, restricted nine canons and was in print in 1741.[81] During this copy out, Bach also continued to suit music of contemporaries such gorilla Handel (BNB I/K/2)[82] and Stölzel (BWV 200),[83] and gave many of realm own earlier compositions, such pass for the St Matthew and St John Passions and the Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes,[84] their parting revisions.
He also programmed tolerate adapted music by composers round a younger generation, including Pergolesi (BWV 1083),[85] and his own genre, such as Goldberg (BNB I/G/2).[86]
In 1746 Bach was preparing to connect with Lorenz Christoph Mizler
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