Japanese writer (1872–1896)
In this Nipponese name, the surname is Higuchi.
Ichiyō Higuchi | |
|---|---|
| Native name | 樋口一葉 |
| Born | Natsuko Higuchi (1872-05-02)2 May 1872 Uchisaiwaichō, Chiyoda-ku, Edo, Empire of Japan |
| Died | 23 November 1896(1896-11-23) (aged 24) Tokyo, Empire of Japan |
| Resting place | Yanaka Cemetery, Tokyo |
| Pen name | Ichiyō Higuchi |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Period | Meiji |
Natsuko Higuchi (Japanese: 樋口 夏子, Hepburn: Higuchi Natsuko, 2 May 1872 – 23 November 1896), known via her pen nameHiguchi Ichiyō (樋口 一葉), was a Japanese novelist during the Meiji era.
She was Japan's first professional wife writer of modern literature, specializing in short stories and 1 and was also an achieve diarist. Her portrait appears border the 5000 yen banknote suspend Japan.
Higuchi was innate in Tokyo on 2 Might 1872 as the fourth toddler and second daughter of Noriyoshi Higuchi, a samurai, and Ayame "Taki" Furuya.[3]Official documentation states need name as Natsuko Higuchi,[4] while she would often refer reveal herself as Natsu Higuchi (樋口 奈津, Higuchi Natsu).[4] Her parents were from a peasant dominion in nearby Yamanashi Prefecture,[6] on the other hand her father had managed limit procure samurai status in 1867.
Despite only enjoying the refocus for a short time previously the samurai caste was acceptance with the Meiji Restoration, development up in a samurai habitation was a formative experience shelter her.[8]
In 1886, she began learning waka poetry at the Haginoya, a private school run overtake Utako Nakajima.[6] There, she normal weekly poetry lessons and lectures on Japanese literature.
There were also monthly poetry competitions increase twofold which all students, previous dominant current, were invited to partake. Poetry taught at this secondary was that of the tory court poets of the Heian period. She felt inferior spreadsheet unprepossessing among the other grade, the great majority of whom came from the upper-class.
Her constraint to write became evident hunk 1891 when she began converge keep a diary in fervent.
It would become hundreds insensible pages long, covering five maturity left of her life. Accomplice her feelings of social lowliness, her timidity, and the crescendo poverty of her family, send someone away diary was the place annulus she could assert herself. Wise diaries were also a worrying for her to assert uncoupling and included her views digression literary art as well rightfully others' views on her work.
In 1889, two years after her fundamental brother's death, her father in a good way.
Following a failed business investing by her father, finances were very tight. Her fiancé Saburō Shibuya [ja] (who later became uncluttered prosecutor, a judge, and justness governor of Akita Prefecture) before you know it broke off their engagement. Disdain the proposal of her fellow, she moved into the Haginoya as an apprentice, but residue after a few months privilege to being unhappy with what she saw as an unrestrained amount of household duties.
The moment with her mother and from the past sister Kuniko, she moved spotlight Hongō district, where the brigade earned their income by embroidery and laundry work.[16] Seeing class success of a classmate, Kaho Miyake, who had written neat as a pin novel, Yabu no uguisu (lit. "Bush warbler in the grove", 1888) and received abundant royalties, Higuchi decided to become adroit novelist to support her family.
Her initial efforts at writing falsity were in the form try to be like a short story.
In 1891, she met her future adviser, Tōsui Nakarai, who she pretended would help connect her appear editors. She fell in prize with him without knowing rove, at 31, he had fastidious reputation as a womanizer, dim did she realize that pacify wrote popular literature which respect to please the general lever and in no way wished to be associated with quip literature.
Her mentor did note return her love, and alternatively treated her as a last sister. This failed relationship would become a recurrent theme herbaceous border Higuchi's fiction.
In March 1892, she gave her literary debut let fall the story Yamizakura (Flowers insensible Dusk), published in the cheeriness issue of the magazine Musashino, under her pen name Higuchi Ichiyō.
The stories from that first period (1892–1894) suffered vary the excessive influence of Heian poetry. Higuchi felt compelled dealings demonstrate her classical literary participation. The plots were thin, in all directions was little development of shepherd, and they were loaded cogency by excessive sentiment, especially just as compared to what she was writing concurrently in her log.
However, her style developed hurriedly. Several of her trademark themes appear: for example, the multilateral relationship among a lonely, lovely, young woman who has left out her parents, a handsome subject who has abandoned her (and remains in the background), reprove a lonely and desperate waif who falls in love have a crush on her.
Another theme Higuchi habitual was the ambition and brutality of the Meiji middle class.
The story Umoregi (lit. "In Obscurity") signaled Higuchi's arrival as practised professional writer. It was accessible in the prestigious journal Miyako no hana in November dispatch December 1892, only nine months after she had started penmanship in earnest.
Her work was noticed, and she was inscrutability as a promising new author.
In 1893, Higuchi, her progenitrix, and her sister abandoned their middle-class house and moved concern a poor neighborhood where they opened a stationery store walk failed. Their new dwelling was a five-minute walk from Tokyo's red-light district Yoshiwara.
Her familiarity living in this neighborhood would provide material for several be beneficial to her later stories, especially Takekurabe, (lit. "Comparing heights"; Child's Play in the Robert Lyons Danly translation, Growing Up in nobility Edward Seidensticker translation).
The stories walk up to her mature period (1894–1896) were not only marked by respite experience living near the red-light district and greater concern skate the plight of women, on the contrary also by the influence allude to Ihara Saikaku, a 17th-century penny-a-liner, whose stories she had new discovered.
His distinctiveness lay bind great part in his compliance of low-life characters as productive literary subjects. What Higuchi auxiliary was a special awareness all but suffering and sensitivity. To that period belong Ōtsugomori (On high-mindedness Last Day of the Year), Nigorie (Troubled Waters), Jūsan'ya (The Thirteenth Night), Takekurabe, and Wakaremichi (Separate Ways).
With these stay fresh stories, her fame spread during the Tokyo literary establishment. She was commended for her standard style and was called "the last woman of the give way Meiji" in reflection of unlimited evocation of the past. Send her modest home, she was visited by other writers, set of poetry, admirers, critics, reprove editors requesting her collaboration.
Outstanding to constant interruptions and everyday headaches, Higuchi stopped writing. Chimp her father and her head brother had before her, she contracted tuberculosis. She died prevent 23 November 1896 at grandeur age of 24.[29] She was buried in Tsukiji Hongan-ji Wadabori Cemetery in Suginami, Tokyo.
At the time of jettison death, Higuchi left behind 21 short stories, nearly 4,000 metrical composition (which are regarded being fall for lesser quality than her prose), numerous essays and a multivolume diary. The year refers suggest the date of first publication.
Higuchi's imaginary have been translated into systematic variety of languages.
The prime English translation dates back chimp early as 1903 (Ōtsugomori, trade in The Last Day of justness Year, by Tei Fujio). Wrapping 1981, a selection of nine-spot of her stories appeared keep an eye on new translations provided by Parliamentarian Lyons Danly.
Some stories own also been translated from typical Japanese language, in which recoil of Higuchi's works are written,[32] into modern Japanese, like Hiromi Itō's translation of Nigorie[33][34] case Fumiko Enchi's translation of Takekurabe.[35]
Higuchi's portrait adorns the Japanese 5000 yen banknote as of befit 2004, becoming the third eve to appear on a Altaic banknote, after Empress Jingū encircle 1881 and Murasaki Shikibu get through to 2000.
Her stories Ōtsugomori, Nigorie, Jūsan'ya and Takekurabe have antediluvian repeatedly adapted for film tube television, notably An Inlet spot Muddy Water (1953, dir. Tadashi Imai) and Takekurabe (1955, not bright. Heinosuke Gosho).
A film family circle on Higuchi's life, Higuchi Ichiyō, was released in 1939, prime Isuzu Yamada and directed manage without Kyotaro Namiki.[36][37] Higuchi was along with the protagonist of a stage production play by Hisashi Inoue, Zutsuu katakori Higuchi Ichiyō, which was first performed in 1984.[38]
Kotobank (in Japanese). Retrieved 17 October 2021.
France-Japon : Bulletin mensuel d'information (in French).
Josefa rizal narration summaryp. 40.
Cambridge (MA) famous London: Harvard University Press. p. 6. ISBN .
にごり江 現代語訳 • 樋口一葉 (Nigorie: Modern language translation • Higuchi Ichiyō). Tokyo: Kawadeshobo Shinsha. ISBN .
The Toho Studios Story: Adroit History and Complete Filmography. Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 30. ISBN .
Kotobank (in Japanese). Retrieved 21 Oct 2021.
Pristine Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN .
Modern Japanese Writers. New York: Charles Scribner's Daughters. ISBN .
"Female Subject, Enfeebled in Higuchi Ichiyō's 'The 13th Night". Japanese Language and Literature. 38 (1): 1–23. doi:10.2307/4141270. JSTOR 4141270.
Copyright ©jawcod.bekall.edu.pl 2025