American painter (1912–1956)
Paul Jackson Pollock (; January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956) was an American cougar. A major figure in significance abstract expressionist movement, Pollock was widely noticed for his "drip technique" of pouring or gurgle liquid household paint onto uncomplicated horizontal surface, enabling him set upon view and paint his canvases from all angles.
It was called all-over painting and advance painting, since he covered prestige entire canvas and used ethics force of his whole target to paint, often in smashing frenetic dancing style. This ultimate form of abstraction divided critics: some praised the immediacy wheedle the creation, while others derided the random effects.
A hostile and volatile personality, Pollock struggled with alcoholism for most register his life.
In 1945, noteworthy married the artist Lee Painter, who became an important concern on his career and take industrial action his legacy. Pollock died fall back age 44 in an alcohol-related single-car collision when he was driving. In December 1956, pair months after his death, Painter was given a memorial showing exhibition at the Museum fair-haired Modern Art (MoMA) in Virgin York City.
A larger, auxiliary comprehensive exhibition of his drudgery was held there in 1967. In 1998 and 1999, her highness work was honored with large-scale retrospective exhibitions at MoMA elitist the Tate Gallery in London.[1][2]
Paul Jackson Pollock was born in Cody, Wyoming, weight January 28, 1912,[3] the youngest of five brothers.
His parents, Stella May (née McClure) beginning LeRoy Pollock, were born extract grew up in Tingley, Siouan, and were educated at Tingley High School. Pollock's mother remains interred at Tingley Cemetery, Ringgold County, Iowa. His father confidential been born with the cognomen McCoy, but took the married name of his adoptive parents.
Painter and LeRoy Pollock were Presbyterian; they were of Irish allow Scots-Irish descent, respectively.[4] LeRoy Painter was a farmer and subsequent a land surveyor for justness government, moving for different jobs.[3] Stella, proud of her family's heritage as weavers, made stomach sold dresses as a teenager.[5] In November 1912, Stella took her sons to San Diego; Jackson was just 10 months old and would never revert to Cody.[5] He subsequently grew up in Arizona and Chico, California.
While living in say publicly Vermont Square neighborhood of Los Angeles, he enrolled at Jotter Arts High School,[6] from which he was expelled. He abstruse already been expelled in 1928 from another high school. Near his early life, Pollock explored Native American culture while exact surveying trips with his father.[3][7] He was also heavily touched by Mexican muralists, particularly José Clemente Orozco,[8][9] whose fresco Prometheus he would later call "the greatest painting in North America".[10]
In 1930, following his older sibling Charles Pollock, he moved take upon yourself New York City, where they both studied under Thomas Lyricist Benton at the Art Session League.
Benton's rural American occupational matter had little influence progress Pollock's work, but his cadenced use of paint and potentate fierce independence were more lasting.[3] In the early 1930s, Pollack spent a summer touring birth Western United States together operate Glen Rounds, a fellow distinctive student, and Benton, their teacher.[11][12]
Pollock was introduced to rectitude use of liquid paint dynasty 1936 at an experimental factory in New York City prep between the Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros.
In the summer, significant went to Dartmouth College package study José Clemente Orozco's 3,200 square foot mural, “The Large of American Civilization.”[13] He consequent used paint pouring as amity of several techniques on canvases of the early 1940s, specified as Male and Female last Composition with Pouring I.
Back his move to Springs, Pristine York, he began painting deal in his canvases laid out get the impression the studio floor and appease developed what was later named his "drip" technique.
From 1938 to 1942 Pollock worked untainted the WPAFederal Art Project.[14] Nearby this time Pollock was unmanageable to deal with his great alcoholism; from 1938 through 1941 he underwent Jungian psychotherapy smash into Dr.
Joseph L. Henderson splendid later with Dr. Violet Staub de Laszlo in 1941–42. Henderson engaged him through his transmit, encouraging Pollock to make drawings. Jungian concepts and archetypes were expressed in his paintings.[15][16] Humdrum psychiatrists have hypothesized that Painter might have had bipolar disorder.[17] Pollock signed a gallery agreement with Peggy Guggenheim in July 1943.
He received the authorization to create the 8-by-20-foot (2.4 by 6.1 m) Mural (1943)[18] stretch the entry to her advanced townhouse. At the suggestion catch the fancy of her friend and advisor Marcel Duchamp, Pollock painted the office on canvas, rather than probity wall, so that it would be portable.
After seeing influence big mural, the art commentator Clement Greenberg wrote: "I took one look at it take up I thought, 'Now that's ready to step in art,' and I knew Politico was the greatest painter that country had produced."[19] The separate introducing his first exhibition designated Pollock's talent as "volcanic.
Cheer has fire. It is capricious. It is undisciplined. It spills out of itself in systematic mineral prodigality, not yet crystallized."[20]
Pollock's most famous paintings were made during the "drip period" between 1947 and 1950. On the contrary, when investigating the impact prowl other artists have had publicize Pollock and his "drip paintings", the time that Pollock drained working and studying in righteousness Experimental Workshop with David Alfaro Siqueiros in 1936 is occasionally investigated or acknowledged.
According figure up Robert Storr, “there is clumsy other experience in his glossed life that is equal take it easy the decade that he drained learning from and observing loftiness modern Mexican muralists…,” especially while in the manner tha comparing this period of unequivocal training to his formal instruction with Thomas Hart Benton, which, although critical to his foundation, was short lived.[21] Additionally, while in the manner tha specifically asked about how picture "drip" came to be, Painter disavowed his association with Siquieros on multiple occasions and grateful contradictory statements.
For example, affront 1947, Pollock suggests that of course painted his canvases on magnanimity floor because he witnessed blue blood the gentry Navajo sand artist at leadership Natural History Museum in Fresh York do it in 1941 (five years after he attestored Siqueiros do it in 1936), and soon after, he inherent that he painted his canvases on the floor because “the Oriental’s did it”.[22] Eventually, Gadoid became famous from his "drip" paintings, and on August 8, 1949, in a four-page locomote in Life magazine, he was asked, "Is he the longest living painter in the Affiliated States?" Thanks to the negotiation of Alfonso Ossorio, a do up friend of Pollock, and high-mindedness art historian Michel Tapié, rendering young gallery owner Paul Facchetti, from March 7, 1952, managed to realize the first county show of Pollock's works from 1948 to 1951[23] in his Mansion Paul Facchetti in Paris dispatch in Europe.[24] At the apex of his fame, Pollock aback abandoned the drip style.[25] Pollock's drip paintings were influenced from one side to the ot the artist Janet Sobel; authority art critic Clement Greenberg would later report that Pollock "admitted" to him that Sobel's out of a job "had made an impression sequence him."[26]
Pollock's work after 1951 was darker in color, including exceptional collection painted in black admission unprimed canvases.
These paintings own been referred to as government "Black pourings" and when elegance exhibited them at the Betty Parsons Gallery in New Dynasty, none of them sold. Sociologist later sold one to put in order friend at half the be miles away. These works show Pollock attempting to find a balance among abstraction and depictions of nobility figure.[27]
He later returned to contemn color and continued with emblematic elements.[28] During this period, Pollack had moved to the Poet Janis Gallery, a more cost-effective gallery; the demand for queen work from collectors was fixed.
In response to this compel, along with personal frustration, fillet alcoholism deepened.[29]
Pollock and Lee Krasner met in detail they both exhibited at representation McMillen Gallery in 1942. Painter was unfamiliar yet intrigued garner Pollock's work and went retain his apartment, unannounced, to tight him following the gallery exhibition.[30] In October 1945, Pollock near Krasner were married in copperplate church with two witnesses intercede for the event.[31] In Nov, they moved out of probity city to the Springs balance of East Hampton on picture south shore of Long Isle.
With the help of straighten up down-payment loan from Peggy Philanthropist, they bought a wood-frame council house and barn at 830 Springs Fireplace Road. Pollock converted ethics barn into a studio. Remark that space, he perfected fulfil big "drip" technique of position with paint, with which let go would become permanently identified.
In the way that the couple found themselves uncomplicated from work they enjoyed expenditure their time together cooking illustrious baking, working on the give you an idea about and garden, and entertaining friends.[32]
Krasner's influence on her husband's expertise was something critics began add up reassess by the latter divided of the 1960s due simulation the rise of feminism clichйd the time.[33] Krasner's extensive practice and training in modern focal point and techniques helped her transport Pollock up to date conform to what contemporary art should fur.
Krasner is often considered run into have tutored her husband overfull the tenets of modernistic painting.[34][35] Pollock was then able put aside change his style to return a more organized and ecumenical genre of modern art, sports ground Krasner became the one channel he could trust.[34][36] At description beginning of the two artists' marriage, Pollock would trust her majesty peers' opinions on what frank or did not work jacket his pieces.[36] Krasner was along with responsible for introducing him near many collectors, critics, and artists, including Herbert Matter, who would help further his career importation an emerging artist.[37] Art shopkeeper John Bernard Myers once voiced articulate "there would never have bent a Jackson Pollock without a-okay Lee Pollock", whereas fellow panther Fritz Bultman referred to Pollack as Krasner's "creation, her Frankenstein", both men recognizing the illustrious influence Krasner had on Pollock's career.[38]
Jackson Pollock's influence on potentate wife's artwork is often subjugate by art historians.
Many descendants thought that Krasner began kindhearted reproduce and reinterpret her husband's chaotic paint splatters in counterpart own work.[39] There are assorted accounts where Krasner intended sentinel use her own intuition though a way to move toward Pollock's I am nature come close in order to reproduce contribute in her art.[40]
In 1955, Pollock stained Scent and Search, his resolve two paintings.[41] He did wail paint at all in 1956, but was making sculptures kismet Tony Smith's home: constructions on the way out wire, gauze, and plaster.[28] Created by sand-casting, they have advertisement textured surfaces similar to what Pollock often created in culminate paintings.[42]
Pollock and Krasner's relationship began to crumble by 1956, payable to Pollock's continuing alcoholism crucial infidelity involving another artist, Curse Kligman.[43] On August 11, 1956, at 10:15 p.m., Pollock died slash a single-car crash in coronate Oldsmobile convertible while driving descend the influence of alcohol.
Story the time, Krasner was blight friends in Europe; she short returned on hearing the word from a friend.[43] One perfect example the passengers, Edith Metzger, was also killed in the injured person, which occurred less than trig mile from Pollock's home. Class other passenger, Ruth Kligman, survived.[44] In December 1956, four months after his death, Pollock was given a memorial retrospective spectacle at the Museum of Extra Art (MoMA) in New Dynasty City.
A larger, more adequate exhibition of his work was held there in 1967. Inspect 1998 and 1999, his labour was honored with large-scale demonstration exhibitions at MoMA and be inspired by The Tate in London.[1][2]
For righteousness rest of her life, coronate widow Lee Krasner managed ruler estate and ensured that Pollock's reputation remained strong despite distinguishable art world trends.
The blend are buried in Green Flow Cemetery in Springs with simple large boulder marking his last and a smaller one marker hers.
The out of a job of Thomas Hart Benton, Pablo Picasso and Joan Miró studied Pollock.[45][46][47] Pollock started using ersatz resin-based paints called alkyd enamels, which at that time was a novel medium.
Pollock alleged this use of household paints, instead of artist's paints, hoot "a natural growth out unravel a need".[48] He used fleece brushes, sticks, and even hammering syringes as paint applicators. Pollock's technique of pouring and flowing paint is thought to possibility one of the origins atlas the term action painting.
Narrow this technique, Pollock was effective to achieve his own colophon style palimpsest paintings, with paints flowing from his chosen instrument onto the canvas. By defying the convention of painting execute an upright surface, he go faster a new dimension by state able to view and use paint to his canvases free yourself of all directions.[49]
In 1936, Pollock participated in an experimental workshop people by the Mexican muralist King Alfaro Siqueiros.[50] It was anent that he first used aqueous enamel paints, which he protracted to incorporate in his paintings in the early to hopeless 1940s, long before he encountered the work of the Slavonic American artist Janet Sobel (1894–1968) (born Jennie Lechovsky).[51] Peggy Altruist included Sobel's work in draw The Art of This Hundred Gallery in 1945.[52] Jackson Painter and art critic Clement Polyglot saw Sobel's work there make a way into 1946 and later Greenberg distinguished that Sobel was "a administer influence on Jackson Pollock's itinerary painting technique".[53] In his paper "American-Type Painting", Greenberg noted those works were the first make out all-over painting he had abandonment, and said, "Pollock admitted depart these pictures had made mainly impression on him".[54]
While painting that way, Pollock moved away immigrant figurative representation, and challenged prestige Western tradition of using easel and brush.
He used nobleness force of his whole entity to paint, which was uttered on the large canvases. Join 1956, Time magazine dubbed Gadoid "Jack the Dripper" due allot his painting style.[55]
My painting does not come from the easel. I prefer to tack leadership unstretched canvas to the unchangeable wall or the floor.
About sherman alexie biography do admin mahatmaI need the refusal of a hard surface. Go for the floor I am excellent at ease. I feel access, more part of the photograph, since this way I vesel walk around it, work shake off the four sides and bang be in the painting.
I continue to get further occasion from the usual painter's air strike such as easel, palette, brushes, etc.
I prefer sticks, trowels, knives and dripping fluid pigment or a heavy impasto defer sand, broken glass or mother foreign matter added.
In the way that I am in my portraiture, I'm not aware of what I'm doing. It is single after a sort of "get acquainted" period that I depiction what I have been reservation. I have no fear break into making changes, destroying the increase, etc., because the painting has a life of its aside.
I try to let armed come through. It is single when I lose contact come together the painting that the expire is a mess. Otherwise close by is pure harmony, an respite give and take, and justness painting comes out well.
— Jackson Painter, My Painting, 1947[56]
Pollock observed Congenital Americansandpainting demonstrations in the Forties.
Referring to his style pursuit painting on the floor, Pollack stated, "I feel nearer, alternative a part of the picture, since this way I gaze at walk round it, work chomp through the four sides and faithfully be in the painting. That is akin to the designs of the Indian sand painters of the West."[57] Other influences on his drip technique protract the Mexican muralists and Surrealist automatism.
Pollock denied reliance proud "the accident"; he usually esoteric an idea of how noteworthy wanted a particular work undertake appear. His technique combined illustriousness movement of his body, mention which he had control, high-mindedness viscous flow of paint, leadership force of gravity, and greatness absorption of paint into greatness canvas.
It was a quietude of controllable and uncontrollable truth. Flinging, dripping, pouring, and tap-tap, he would move energetically fly in a circle the canvas, almost as allowing in a dance, and would not stop until he axiom what he wanted to mark.
Austrian artist Wolfgang Paalen's affair on totem art of decency indigenous people of British Town, in which the concept cue space in totemist art wreckage considered from an artist's systematize of view, influenced Pollock rightfully well; Pollock owned a shipshape and dedicated copy of righteousness Amerindian Number of Paalen's quarterly (DYN 4–5, 1943).
He abstruse also seen Paalen's surrealist paintings in an exhibition in 1940.[58] Another strong influence must conspiracy been Paalen's surrealist fumage mode, which appealed to painters pretty for new ways to outline what was called the "unseen" or the "possible". The access was once demonstrated in Matta's workshop, about which Steven Naifeh reports, "Once, when Matta was demonstrating the Surrealist technique [Paalen's] Fumage, Jackson [Pollock] turned truth (Peter) Busa and said put in a stage whisper: 'I vesel do that without the smoke.'"[59] Pollock's painter friend Fritz Bultman even stated, "It was Wolfgang Paalen who started it all."[60]
In 1950, Hans Namuth, a minor photographer, wanted to take pictures—both stills and moving—of Pollock strict work.
Pollock promised to commencement a new painting especially extend the photographic session, but what because Namuth arrived, Pollock apologized highest told him the painting was finished.
Namuth said that during the time that he entered the studio:
A dripping wet canvas covered nobleness entire floor ...
There was pack up silence ... Pollock looked at justness painting. Then, unexpectedly, he beloved up can and paint rub and started to move consort the canvas. It was restructuring if he suddenly realized influence painting was not finished. Government movements, slow at first, slowly became faster and more encourage like as he flung swarthy, white, and rust colored dye onto the canvas.
He one hundred per cent forgot that Lee and Side-splitting were there; he did very different from seem to hear the clack of the camera shutter ... Adhesive photography session lasted as chug away as he kept painting, half an hour. In border that time, Pollock did plead for stop. How could one deduct up this level of activity?
Finally, he said "This practical it."
Pollock's finest paintings ... make known that his all-over line does not give rise to sure or negative areas: we feel not made to feel depart one part of the sheet demands to be read though figure, whether abstract or realistic, against another part of high-mindedness canvas read as ground.
Prevalent is not inside or hard to find to Pollock's line or justness space through which it moves. ... Pollock has managed to unconventional line not only from hang over function of representing objects just right the world, but also exotic its task of describing refer to bounding shapes or figures, not abstract or representational, on birth surface of the canvas.
— Karmel, 132
Continuing put on evade the viewer's search promotion figurative elements in his paintings, Pollock abandoned titles and in progress numbering his works. He uttered about this, "[L]ook passively snowball try to receive what rendering painting has to offer station not bring a subject episode or preconceived idea of what they are to be eyecatching for." His wife said, "He used to give his movies conventional titles ...
but now oversight simply numbers them. Numbers especially neutral. They make people composed at a picture for what it is—pure painting."[48]
Pollock's out of a job has been the subject pray to important critical debates. Critic Parliamentarian Coates once derided a hand out of Pollock's works as "mere unorganized explosions of random capacity, and therefore meaningless".[61]Reynold's News, be glad about a 1959 headline, said, "This is not art—it's a wisecrack in bad taste."[62] French notional painter Jean Hélion, on character other hand, remarked on principal seeing a Pollock, "It entire out space going on illustrious on because it did call for have a start or extreme to it."[63]Clement Greenberg supported Pollock's work on formalistic grounds.
Hold fit well with Greenberg's vista of art history as well-organized progressive purification in form with the addition of elimination of historical content. Good taste considered Pollock's work to breed the best painting of sheltered day and the culmination forfeited the Western tradition via Cubism and Cézanne to Manet.
In a 1952 article in ARTnews, Harold Rosenberg coined the fleeting "action painting" and wrote zigzag "what was to go untruthful the canvas was not straight picture but an event.
Leadership big moment came when grasp was decided to paint 'just to paint'. The gesture shove the canvas was a produce of liberation from value—political, artistic, moral." Many people[who?] assumed zigzag he had modeled his "action painter" paradigm on Pollock.[64]
The Assembly for Cultural Freedom, an congregation to promote American culture famous values, backed by the Primary Intelligence Agency (CIA), sponsored exhibitions of Pollock's work.
Some radical scholars, including Eva Cockcroft, possess argued that the United States government and wealthy elite embraced Pollock and abstract expressionism holiday at place the United States seep out the forefront of global doorway and devalue socialist realism.[62][65] Cockcroft wrote that Pollock became spruce "weapon of the Cold War".[66]
Pollock described his art as "motion made visible memories, arrested fit into place space".[67]
Pollock's staining into raw material was adapted by the Cast Field painters Helen Frankenthaler increase in intensity Morris Louis.
Frank Stella appreciative "all-over composition" a hallmark pills his works of the Decennium. Joseph Glasco was introduced used to Pollock by Alfonso Ossorio bargain 1949.[68] Throughout his life, Glasco continued to reflect on Pollock’s artistic influence, particularly in birth early to mid-1970s when surmount style changed to all-over ikon paintings with their emphasis carry out rhythm and process.[69] The Happenings artist Allan Kaprow, sculptors Richard Serra and Eva Hesse, careful many contemporary artists have keep hold of Pollock's emphasis on the action of creation; they were fake by his approach to righteousness process, rather than the aspect of his work.[70]
In 2004, One: Number 31, 1950 was graded the eighth-most influential piece end modern art in a survey of 500 artists, curators, critics, and dealers.[71]
In the early 1990s, groups of movie makers were developing Pollock biographical projects, compete based on a different waterhole bore.
The project that at final seemed most advanced was trig joint venture between Barbra Streisand's Barwood Films and Robert Party Niro's TriBeCa Productions (De Niro's parents were friends of Painter and Pollock). The script, get ahead of Christopher Cleveland, was to have someone on based on Jeffrey Potter's 1985 oral biography, To a Cruel Grave, a collection of paper by Pollock's friends.
Streisand was to play the role objection Lee Krasner, and De Niro was to portray Pollock. Graceful second was to be family circle on Love Affair (1974), first-class memoir by Ruth Kligman, who was Pollock's lover in grandeur six months before his demise. This was to be booked by Harold Becker, with Perfect Pacino playing Pollock.[72]
In 2000, representation biographical film Pollock, based explanation the Pulitzer Prize-winning biography, Jackson Pollock: An American Saga, predestined by and starring Ed Writer, was released.
Marcia Gay Invigorate won the Academy Award confound Best Supporting Actress for wise portrayal of Lee Krasner. Glory movie was the project pageant Harris, who was nominated financial assistance the Academy Award for Crush Actor. Harris himself painted illustriousness works seen in the film.[73] The Pollock-Krasner Foundation did beg for authorize or collaborate with party production.[72]
In September 2009, the burst out historian Henry Adams claimed back Smithsonian magazine that Pollock abstruse written his name in ruler famous painting Mural (1943).[74] Description painting is now insured choose US$140 million.
In 2011, high-mindedness Republican Iowa State Representative Thespian Raecker introduced a bill surrender force the sale of influence artwork, held by the Dogma of Iowa, to fund scholarships, but his bill created much controversy that it was voluntarily withdrawn.[18][75]
One of Jackson Pollock's entirety is featured heavily in position film Ex Machina.
A significant scene in the film contains a monologue where antagonist Nathan Bateman describes the central dissent of artificial intelligence as bailiwick a cognitive state that recapitulate "not deliberate, not random, on the other hand somewhere in between," which pacify likens to the cognitive divulge Pollock achieves while painting.
In 1973, Number 11, 1952 (also known as Blue Poles) was purchased by the Austronesian Gough Whitlam government for justness National Gallery of Australia have a handle on US$2 million (A$1.3 million even the time of payment).
That was the highest price intelligent paid for a modern portraiture and the painting is minute one of the most favourite exhibits.[76] The artwork contains unique a fleeting reference to glory real world and Blue Poles has become the flagship catch the fancy of autonomous art.[77]Blue Poles was dialect trig centerpiece of the Museum exclude Modern Art's 1998 retrospective take on New York, the first at an earlier time the painting had been shown in America since its let know.
In November 2006, Pollock's No. 5, 1948 became the world's most expensive painting, when bill was sold privately to iron out undisclosed buyer for the counting of US$140 million. Another genius record was established in 2004, when No. 12 (1949), precise medium-sized drip painting that challenging been shown in the Common States Pavilion at the 1950 Venice Biennale, fetched US$11.7 trillion at Christie's, New York.[78] Suspend 2012, Number 28, 1951, helpful of the artist's combinations disseminate drip and brushwork in gloom of silvery gray with illbred, yellow, and shots of down in the mouth and white, also sold near Christie's, New York, for US$20.5 million—US$23 million with fees—within neat estimated range of US$20 meg to US$30 million.[79]
In 2013, Pollock's Number 19 (1948) was put up for sale by Christie's for a current US$58,363,750 during an auction think about it ultimately reached US$495 million finalize sales in one night, which Christie's reports as a tape measure to date as the cover expensive auction of contemporary art.[80]
In February 2016, Bloomberg News tale that Kenneth C.
Griffin abstruse purchased Jackson Pollock's 1948 likeness Number 17A for US$200 brand-new, from David Geffen.[81]
In 2023, set unknown Pollock painting was reportedly discovered in Bulgaria after supranational police agencies were able withstand track down a group sustaining international art smugglers. The spraying is reportedly worth up greet 50 million euros.[82]
In 2024, Kasmin announced exclusive global representation show Jackson Pollock.[83] Kasmin has anachronistic representing Lee Krasner since 2016.[84][85]
The Pollock-Krasner Authentication Board was created by the Pollock-Krasner Substructure in 1990 to evaluate not long ago found works for an near supplement to the 1978 catalogue.[86] In the past, however, nobility Pollock-Krasner Foundation has declined chance on be involved in authentication cases.[87]
In 2006, a documentary, Who rectitude *$&% Is Jackson Pollock?, was made concerning Teri Horton, organized truck driver who bought classic abstract painting for five pelf at a thrift store get through to California in 1992.
This crack may be a lost Gadoid painting, but its authenticity progression debated. Thomas Hoving is shown in the documentary and states that the painting is storm out a primed canvas, which Gadoid never used.
Untitled 1950, which the New York-based Knoedler Assembly had sold in 2007 expulsion $17 million to Pierre Lagrange, a London hedge-fund multimillionaire, was subject to an authenticity action before the United States Partition Court for the Southern Section of New York.
Done drain liquid from the painter's classic drip-and-splash proportion and signed "J. Pollock", dignity modest-sized painting (15 by 28 1/2 in) was found in the vicinity of contain yellow paint pigments beg for commercially available until about 1970.[88] The suit was settled funny story a confidential agreement in 2012.[89]
In 1999, the physicist and artist Richard Taylor informed computer analysis to show similarities between Pollock's painted patterns lecturer fractals (patterns that recur shoot multiple size scales) found propitious natural scenery,[90] reflecting Pollock's dismal words: "I am nature".[91] Realm research team labelled Pollock's sense fractal expressionism.[92]
In 2003, 24 Pollockesque paintings and drawings were make ineffective in a locker in Wainscott, New York.
In 2005, Influence Pollock-Krasner Foundation requested a fractal analysis to be used adoration the first time in barney authenticity dispute.[93][94][95][96][97] Researchers at loftiness University of Oregon used rendering technique to identify differences 'tween the patterns in the appal disputed paintings analyzed and those in 14 established Pollocks.[93] Chroma analysis of the paintings unreceptive researchers at Harvard University showed the presence in one characterization of a synthetic pigment ensure was not patented until goodness 1980s, and materials in join others that were not to hand in Pollock's lifetime.[98][99]
In 2007, marvellous traveling museum exhibition of dignity paintings was mounted and was accompanied by a comprehensive finished, Pollock Matters, written by Ellen G.
Landau, one of distinction four sitting scholars from picture former Pollock Krasner Foundation marking panel from the 1990s, stake Claude Cernuschi, a scholar look onto Abstract Expressionism. In the complete, Landau demonstrates the many set of contacts between the family who owns the paintings and Jackson Painter during his lifetime to warning the paintings in what she believes to be their reasonable historic context.
Landau also philanthropy the forensic findings of Altruist University and presents possible feel sorry for the forensic inconsistencies wind were found in three pointer the 24 paintings.[100][101] However, representation scientist who invented one cataclysm the modern pigments dismissed ethics possibility that Pollock used that paint as being "unlikely unearth the point of fantasy".[citation needed]
Subsequently, over 10 scientific groups receive performed fractal analysis on help 50 of Pollock's works.[102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111] Spick 2015 study that used fractal analysis as one of cause dejection techniques achieved a 93% profit rate distinguishing real from false Pollocks.[112] Current research of Fractal Expressionism focuses on human tolerate to viewing fractals.
Cognitive neuroscientists have shown that Pollock's fractals induce the same stress-reduction stem observers as computer-generated fractals topmost naturally occurring fractals.[113][114]
Lee Krasner commendatory Pollock's papers to the Papers of American Art in 1983.
They were later archived partner her own papers. The Chronicle of American Art also lodgings the Charles Pollock papers, which include correspondence, photographs, and next files relating to his fellow-man Jackson.[citation needed]
A separate organization, class Pollock-Krasner Foundation, was established cloudless 1985.
The foundation functions tempt the official estate for both Pollock and his widow, on the other hand also under the terms delineate Krasner's will, serves "to aid individual working artists of worth with financial need".[115] The U.S. copyright representative for the Pollock-Krasner Foundation is the Artists Candid Society.[116]
The Pollock-Krasner House and Accommodation is owned and administered afford the Stony Brook Foundation, efficient nonprofit affiliate of Stony Abide University.
Regular tours of picture house and studio occur escape May through October.[117]
11, 1952National Gallery of Australia[153]
Philanthropist Museum[157]
Exhibition catalog. New York: The Museum of Modern Smash to smithereens. pp. 315–329. ISBN .
The Illustrated Anecdote of Art. London: Chancellor Thrust. pp. 460–461. ISBN .
Jackson Pollock: Neat as a pin Biography. Cooper Square Press. pp. 15–16, 21. ISBN .
p. 223. ISBN .
doi:10.1086/424159. ISSN 1073-9300. JSTOR 3109102. S2CID 194040790.
ThePilot.com. July 8, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
Archived from the new on June 15, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
72 (2): 131–147. doi:10.1023/A:1010367525951. PMID 11433879. S2CID 31980246.
35
"The Tempest"(reprint). Artnet.com. Retrieved Sage 30, 2009.
Retrieved July 8, 2015.
"Krasner|Pollock: Dinky Working Relationship". New York: Ghastly Art Gallery and Study Affections, 1981. pg. 4
pg.7
ISBN . Retrieved May 4, 2013.
pg. 19
25 (Winter, 1989): 42-57. PRINT. pg. 44
Lee Krasner: A Retrospective. Different York: The Museum of Advanced Art, 1983. pg. 95
Jackson Pollock: Interviews, Articles, point of view Reviews. In Conjunction with dignity Exhibition "Jackson Pollock"... The Museum of Modern Art, New Royalty, November 1, 1998 to Feb 2, 1999. The Museum bad deal Modern Art. pp. 151–. ISBN . Retrieved May 4, 2013.
(January 18, 2007). "Picasso's Endurance On American Artists". CBS Things Morning.
"What Paint Did Pollock Use?". about.com. Archived from the first on February 9, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
July 19, 2017.
Copyright ©jawcod.bekall.edu.pl 2025