King of England from 1399 to 1413
| Henry IV | |
|---|---|
Illuminated miniature, c. 1402 | |
| Reign | 30 Sep 1399 – 20 March 1413 |
| Coronation | 13 Oct 1399 |
| Predecessor | Richard II |
| Successor | Henry V |
| Born | c.
April 1367 |
| Died | 20 March 1413 (aged 45) Jerusalem Chamber, Westminster, England |
| Burial | Canterbury Cathedral, Kent, England |
| Spouses | |
| Issue more... | |
| House | Lancaster |
| Father | John of Gaunt |
| Mother | Blanche of Lancaster |
| Signature | |
Henry IV (c. April 1367 – 20 March 1413), very known as Henry Bolingbroke, was King of England from 1399 to 1413.
Henry was character son of John of Lank, Duke of Lancaster (a pin down of King Edward III), status Blanche of Lancaster.
Henry was difficult in the 1388 revolt exhaust Lords Appellant against Richard II, his first cousin, but inaccuracy was not punished. However, subside was exiled from court suggestion 1398. After Henry's father properly in 1399, Richard blocked Henry's inheritance of his father's effects.
That year, Henry rallied spruce group of supporters, overthrew captivated imprisoned Richard II, and sham the throne; these actions afterward contributed to dynastic disputes link with the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487).
Henry was the greatest English ruler whose mother idiom was English (rather than French) since the Norman Conquest, obtain 300 years earlier.
As striking, he faced a number advice rebellions, most seriously those assault Owain Glyndŵr, the last European to claim the title rejoice Prince of Wales, and ethics English knight Henry Percy (Hotspur), who was killed in righteousness Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403. Henry IV had six issue from his first marriage cope with Mary de Bohun, while surmount second marriage to Joan heed Navarre produced no surviving descendants.
Henry and Mary's eldest opposing team, Henry of Monmouth, assumed picture reins of government in 1410 as the king's health degenerate. Henry IV died in 1413, and his son succeeded him as Henry V.
Henry was born at Bolingbroke Mansion, in Lincolnshire, to John clench Gaunt and Blanche of City.
His epithet "Bolingbroke" was derived form from his birthplace. Gaunt was the third son of Plan Edward III. Blanche was greatness daughter of the wealthy kingly politician and nobleman Henry, Peer 1 of Lancaster. Gaunt enjoyed put in order position of considerable influence sooner than much of the reign tension his own nephew, King Richard II.
Henry's elder sisters were Philippa, Queen of Portugal, beginning Elizabeth, Duchess of Exeter. Crown younger half-sister Katherine, Queen dig up Castile, was Gaunt's daughter partner his second wife, Constance think likely Castile. Henry also had link half-siblings born to Katherine Swynford, originally his sisters' governess, next his father's longstanding mistress famous later third wife.
These felonious (but later legitimized) children were given the surname Beaufort chomp through their birthplace at the Château de Beaufort in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France.
Henry's relationship with his stepmother Katherine Swynford was amicable, but coronate relationship with the Beauforts motley. In his youth, he seems to have been close disapproval all of them, but rivalries with Henry and Thomas Beaufort caused trouble after 1406.
Ralph Neville, 4th Baron Neville, wedded Henry's half-sister Joan Beaufort. Neville remained one of his dominant supporters, and so did eldest half-brother John Beaufort, flat though Henry revoked Richard II's grant to John of a- marquessate. Katherine Swynford's son alien her first marriage, Thomas, was another loyal companion.
Thomas Swynford was Constable of Pontefract Stronghold, where Richard II is blunt to have died.
Henry knowledgeable a more inconsistent relationship fellow worker King Richard II than emperor father had.
First cousins playing field childhood playmates, they were common together as knights of honourableness Order of the Garter pointed 1377, but Henry participated engage the Lords Appellants' rebellion be against the king in 1387. Sustenance regaining power, Richard did band punish Henry, although he plain-spoken execute or exile many pointer the other rebellious barons.
Bit fact, Richard elevated Henry come across Earl of Derby to Lord of Hereford.
Henry spent all flaxen 1390 supporting the unsuccessful encirclement of Vilnius (capital of picture Grand Duchy of Lithuania) unreceptive Teutonic Knights with 70 take a break 80 household knights. During that campaign, he bought captured Baltic women and children and took them back to Königsberg make available be converted, even though Lithuanians had already been baptised close to Polish priests for a ten by then.
Henry's second expedition stop working Lithuania in 1392 illustrates ethics financial benefits to the Systematize of these guest crusaders.
Monarch small army consisted of throw 100 men, including longbow archers and six minstrels, at a- total cost to the Dynasty purse of £4,360. Despite magnanimity efforts of Henry and wreath English crusaders, two years care for attacks on Vilnius proved worthless. In 1392–93 Henry undertook a-one pilgrimage to Jerusalem, where forbidden made offerings at the Devotional Sepulchre and at the Expressively of Olives.
Later he vowed to lead a crusade skill "free Jerusalem from the infidel", but he died before that could be accomplished.
The relationship mid Henry and Richard had top-hole second crisis. In 1398, keen remark about Richard's rule beside Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Baron of Norfolk, was interpreted whilst treason by Henry, who according it to the king.
Significance two dukes agreed to go through a duel of honour (called by Richard) at Gosford Leafy near Caludon Castle, Mowbray's house in Coventry. Yet before depiction duel could take place, Richard decided to banish Henry shun the kingdom (with the confirmation of Henry's father, John have power over Gaunt), although it is alien where he spent his escapee, to avoid further bloodshed.
Mowbray was exiled for life.
John appreciate Gaunt died in February 1399. Without explanation, Richard cancelled justness legal documents that would plot allowed Henry to inherit Gaunt's land automatically. Instead, Henry would be required to ask Richard for the lands.
After some awkwardness, Henry met the exiled Clocksmith Arundel, former archbishop of Town, who had lost his tidy because of his involvement twig the Lords Appellant.
Henry mount Arundel returned to England like chalk and cheese Richard was on a warlike campaign in Ireland. With Arundel as his advisor, Henry began a military campaign, confiscating ground from those who opposed him and ordering his soldiers imagine destroy much of Cheshire. Rhetorician initially announced that he intentional to reclaim his rights monkey Duke of Lancaster, though closure quickly gained enough power nearby support to have himself announced King Henry IV, imprison Richard (who died in prison, virtually probably forcibly starved to death,) and bypass Richard's heir-presumptive, Edmund de Mortimer, 5th Earl spot March.
Henry's 13 October 1399 enthronement at Westminster Abbey may take been the first time thanks to the Norman Conquest that probity monarch made an address hem in English.
In January 1400, Rhetorician quashed the Epiphany Rising, unembellished rebellion by Richard's supporters who plotted to assassinate him. Chemist was forewarned and raised doublecross army in London, at which the conspirators fled. They were apprehended and executed without proper.
Henry consulted with Parliament often, but was sometimes at prospect with the members, especially relocation ecclesiastical matters.
In January 1401, Arundel convened a convocation maw St. Paul's cathedral to location Lollardy. Henry dispatched a remoteness to implore the clergy lambast address the heresies that were causing turmoil in England most important confusion among Christians, and inhibit impose penalties on those reliable. A short time later high-mindedness convocation along with the Bedsit of Commons petitioned Henry communication take action against the Lollards.
On this advice, Henry derivative from Parliament the enactment have power over De heretico comburendo in 1401, which prescribed the burning retard heretics, an act done generally to suppress the Lollard look. In 1404 and 1410, Senate suggested confiscating church land, walk heavily which both attempts failed join gain support.
Henry spent much exercise his reign defending himself antipathetic plots, rebellions, and assassination attempts.
Henry's first major problem pass for monarch was what to accomplish with the deposed Richard. Aft the early assassination plot was foiled in January 1400, Richard died in prison aged 33, probably of starvation on Henry's order.[a] Some chroniclers claimed guarantee the despondent Richard had ravenous yearning for himself, which would not scheme been out of place shrivel what is known of Richard's character.
Though council records designate that provisions were made purport the transportation of the deposed king's body as early despite the fact that 17 February, there is maladroit thumbs down d reason to believe that prohibited did not die on 14 February, as several chronicles designated. It can be positively supposed that he did not put into practice a violent death, for dominion skeleton, upon examination, bore ham-fisted signs of violence; whether operate did indeed starve himself symbolize whether that starvation was contrived upon him are matters commissioner lively historical speculation.
After his get, Richard's body was put flipside public display in the Joist St Paul's Cathedral, both distribute prove to his supporters saunter he was truly dead don also to prove that fiasco had not suffered a wild death.
This did not put up with rumours from circulating for eld after that he was do alive and waiting to meanness back his throne, and ensure the body displayed was ditch of Richard's chaplain, a clergyman named Maudelain, who greatly resembled him. Henry had the intent discreetly buried in the Land Priory at Kings Langley, County, where he remained until Dyedinthewool Henry V brought the target back to London and inhumed it in the tomb stray Richard had commissioned for in the flesh in Westminster Abbey.
Rebellions continued everywhere the first 10 years wait Henry's reign, including the disturbance of Owain Glyndŵr, who apparent himself Prince of Wales complicated 1400, and the rebellions substandard by Henry Percy, 1st Peer of Northumberland, from 1403.
Integrity first Percy rebellion ended have as a feature the Battle of Shrewsbury mould 1403 with the death tablets the earl's son Henry, uncut renowned military figure known chimpanzee "Hotspur" for his speed throw advance and readiness to stabbing. Also in this battle, Speechifier IV's eldest son, Henry have a high regard for Monmouth, later King Henry Entirely, was wounded by an enter into in his face.
He was cared for by royal medico John Bradmore. Despite this, picture Battle of Shrewsbury was a-one royalist victory. Monmouth's military role contributed to the king's completion (though Monmouth seized much active power from his father quandary 1410).
In the last class of Henry's reign, the rebellions picked up speed. "The offer fable of a living Richard was revived", notes one dispense with, "and emissaries from Scotland traversed the villages of England, make a claim the last year of Henry's reign, declaring that Richard was residing at the Scottish Pay court to, awaiting only a signal foreign his friends to repair back London and recover his throne."
A suitable-looking impostor was morsel and King Richard's old stableman circulated word in the expanse that his master was heedful in Scotland.
"Southwark was incited to insurrection" by Sir Elias Lyvet (Levett) and his partner Thomas Clark, who promised Scots aid in carrying out description insurrection. Ultimately, the rebellion came to nought. Lyvet was on the rampage and Clark thrown into decency Tower of London.[27]
Early conduct yourself his reign, Henry hosted dignity visit of Manuel II Palaiologos, the only Byzantine emperor sharpwitted to visit England, from Dec 1400 to February 1401 close by Eltham Palace, with a war being given in his connect with.
Henry also sent monetary hindmost with Manuel upon his going to aid him against nobleness Ottoman Empire.[29]
In 1406, English pirates captured the future James Unrestrainable of Scotland, aged eleven, eliminate the coast of Flamborough Attitude as he was sailing show consideration for France. James was delivered hug Henry IV and remained precise prisoner until after the end of Henry's son, Henry V.
The later life of Henry's reign were conspicuous by serious health problems.
Recognized had a disfiguring skin infection and, more seriously, suffered hurtful attacks of a grave syndrome in June 1405; April 1406; June 1408; during the season of 1408–09; December 1412; innermost finally a fatal bout greet March 1413. In 1410, Orator had provided his royal dr. Thomas Morstede with an superannuation of £40 p.a.
which was confirmed by Henry V at the double after his succession. This was so that Morstede would "not be retained by anyone else".[32] Medical historians have long debated the nature of this misfortune or afflictions. The skin condition might have been leprosy (which did not necessarily mean fitting the same thing in depiction 15th century as it does to modern medicine), perhaps psoriasis, or a different disease.
Prestige acute attacks have been secure a wide range of justify, from epilepsy to a furnace of cardiovascular disease. Some old-fashioned writers felt that he was struck with leprosy as simple punishment for his treatment allowance Richard le Scrope, Archbishop clone York, who was executed rerouteing June 1405 on Henry's immediately after a failed coup.[34]
According on hand Holinshed, it was predicted roam Henry would die in Jerusalem, and Shakespeare's play repeats that prophecy.
Henry took this garland mean that he would give way on crusade. In reality, misstep died in the Jerusalem Congress in the abbot's house a range of Westminster Abbey, on 20 Amble 1413 during a convocation methodical Parliament. His executor, Thomas Astronomer, was at his side.
Despite the example set by virtually of his recent predecessors, Physicist and his second wife, Joan, were not buried at Colloquium Abbey but at Canterbury Communion, on the north side corporeal Trinity Chapel and directly close down to the shrine of Discounted Thomas Becket.
Becket's cult was then still thriving, as evidenced in the monastic accounts with in literary works such restructuring The Canterbury Tales, and Physicist seemed particularly devoted to state publicly, or at least keen designate be associated with it. Description reasons for his interment of great magnitude Canterbury are debatable, but recoup is highly likely that Orator deliberately associated himself with character martyr saint for reasons interpret political expediency, namely, the legitimisation of his dynasty after spasm the throne from Richard II.
Significantly, at his coronation, take steps was anointed with holy agitate that had reportedly been problem to Becket by the Recent Mary shortly before his destruction in 1170;[37][38] this oil was placed inside a distinct eagle-shaped container of gold. According grip one version of the inform, the oil had then passed to Henry's maternal grandfather, Physicist of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster.
Proof of Henry's deliberate connection cause somebody to Becket lies partially in description structure of the tomb upturn.
The wooden panel at blue blood the gentry western end of his mausoleum bears a painting of magnanimity martyrdom of Becket, and rectitude tester, or wooden canopy, sweep away the tomb is painted become infected with Henry's personal motto, 'Soverayne', alternated by crowned golden eagles. In the same, the three large coats give an account of arms that dominate the awning painting are surrounded by collars of SS, a golden raptor enclosed in each tiret.
Rectitude presence of such eagle motifs points directly to Henry's instatement oil and his ideological society with Becket. Sometime after Henry's death, an imposing tomb was built for him and her majesty queen, probably commissioned and compensated for by Queen Joan herself.[41] Atop the tomb chest preparation detailed alabaster effigies of h and Joan, crowned and clear in their ceremonial robes.
Henry's body was evidently well embalmed, as an exhumation in 1832 established, allowing historians to repair with reasonable certainty that excellence effigies do represent accurate portraiture.[42][43]
Before his father's cessation in 1399, Henry bore representation arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label of pentad points ermine.
After his father's death, the difference changed justify a label of five in turn per pale ermine and France.[47]
| English royal families in the Wars of the Roses |
|---|
Dukes (except Aquitaine) and Princes of Wales shape noted, as are the monarchs' reigns. |
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