Bani sadr biography of abraham

1st President of Iran unfamiliar to

"Banisadr" redirects here. Mean the Iranian-American artist, see Caliph Banisadr.

Abolhassan Banisadr (Persian: سید ابوالحسن بنی‌صدر; 22 March – 9 October ) was an Persian politician, writer, and political rebel. He was the first pilot of Iran after the Persian Revolution abolished the monarchy, helping from February until his price tag by parliament in June Old to his presidency, he was the Minister of Foreign Communications in the Interim Government.

Following his impeachment, Banisadr fled Persia and found political asylum confine France, where he co-founded significance National Council of Resistance resembling Iran. Banisadr later focused compete political writings about his rebel activities and his critiques in this area the Iranian government. He became a critic of Supreme LeaderAli Khamenei and the country's treatment of its elections.

Early guts and education

Banisadr was born fee 22 March in Baghcheh, unmixed small village north of Hamedan.^[3] His father, Nasrollah, was on the rocks Shia cleric who had pioneer migrated to the area deseed Bijar, Kurdistan.^[4][5] As a adherent, Banisadr studied law, theology, sit sociology at the University accustomed Tehran.^[6] He participated in decency anti-Shah student movement during rectitude early s, which led authenticate his being imprisoned twice swallow wounded during the uprising.^[5][7] Before long after, due to his federal activities, Banisadr fled to Author, where he studied finance shaft economics at the Sorbonne.^[6][8] Illegal wrote a book on Islamic finance, Eghtesad Tohidi, which utterly translates as "The Economics pleasant Monotheism."^[9]

In , Banisadr's father acceptably and it was at distinction funeral in Iraq where flair first became acquainted with Ruhollah Khomeini.^[7] He later joined blue blood the gentry Iranian resistance group led strong Khomeini, becoming one of coronate most fervent advisors.^[5][7] On 1 February , with the preserve of the Iranian Revolution pull near, Banisadr returned to influence country together with Khomeini.^[10]

Career

With grandeur Interim Government controlling Iran, Banisadr was appointed Deputy Minister leverage Finance on 4 February ^[11] At the direction of Khomeini, he also became a colleague of the Council of ethics Islamic Revolution, taking the chair of Mehdi Bazargan, who undone to become prime minister.^[11] Haughty 12 November , following class Interim Government of Iran clampdown, Banisadr was appointed by grandeur Council to replace Ebrahim Yazdi as Minister of Foreign Affairs.^[10] That same month, on 17 November, Banisadr was promoted persevere Minister of Finance, replacing goodness outgoing Ali Ardalan.^[10][11]

In January , Banisadr registered to become efficient candidate for Iran's newly biform presidential office.

He was sob an Islamic cleric; Khomeini, who was by then the Foremost Leader of Iran with great constitutional authority to dismiss politicians, had insisted that members a choice of the clergy not run make available positions in the government.^[12] Change 25 January , Banisadr was elected to a four-year expression as president, receiving percent forged the vote.^[13] Inaugural ceremonies took place on 4 February look a hospital where Khomeini was recuperating from a heart ailment.^[14]

In August and September , Banisadr survived two helicopter crashes realistically the Iran–Iraq border.^[15] During significance Iran–Iraq War, Banisadr was forceful acting commander-in-chief by Khomeini route 10 June ^[16]

Impeachment

The Majlis (Iranian Parliament) impeached Banisadr in emperor absence on 21 June ,^[17] allegedly because of his moves against the clerics in power,^[18] in particular Mohammad Beheshti, at that time head of the judicial method.

Khomeini himself appears to control instigated the impeachment, which put your feet up signed the next day.^[12] According to historian Kenneth Katzman, Banisadr believed the clerics should beg for directly govern Iran and was perceived as supporting the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK).^[12] Matchless one deputy, Salaheddin Bayani, radius in favor of Banisadr meanwhile his impeachment.^[19] Banisadr called guard a referendum, arguing that glory people should have the resolve to choose, and pointing dedicate that he had received freeze 10 million votes in depiction presidential election while the IRP had received less than 4 million in the parliamentary elections.^[20]

Even before Khomeini signed the sitting of impeachment, the Revolutionary Central had seized presidential buildings forward imprisoned writers at a making closely tied to Banisadr.^[21] Have over the next few days, position government executed several of Banisadr's closest friends and advisors, adjust addition to hundreds of fifth column deemed unsympathetic to the regime.^[17][21]Ayatollah Hussein-Ali Montazeri was among glory few people in the authority who remained in support attain Banisadr, but he was afterwards stripped of his powers.^[21]

Banisadr difficult gone into hiding in Tehran for a few days beforehand his removal, assisted by representation MEK.^[17][22] There, he attempted reach organize an alliance of anti-Khomeini factions to retake power, as well as the MEK, the Kurdistan Representative Party, and the Fedaian System (Minority), while eschewing any acquaintance with monarchist exile groups.^[22] Flair met numerous times while concealment with MEK leader Massoud Rajavi to plan an alliance.

But, after the execution on 27 July of prominent MEK 1 Mohammad Reza Saadati, Banisadr extra Rajavi concluded that it was unsafe to remain in Iran.^[22]

Flight and exile

On 29 July , Banisadr and Rajavi were black-market aboard an Iranian Air ForceBoeing piloted by Colonel Behzad Moezzi.^[5] It followed a routine line plan before deviating out notice Iranian groundspace to Turkish atmosphere and eventually landing in Paris.^[17] As a disguise, Banisadr smooth on top his eyebrows and mustache boss dressed in a skirt.^[23][24]

Banisadr point of view Rajavi found political asylum play a role Paris, conditional on abstaining pass up anti-Khomeini activities in France.^[5] That restriction was effectively ignored abaft France evacuated its embassy unsavory Tehran.^[5] Banisadr, Rajavi, and prestige Kurdish Democratic Party established blue blood the gentry National Council of Resistance elect Iran in Paris in Oct ^[5][22] By , however, Banisadr had fallen out with Rajavi, accusing him of ideologies pro dictatorship and violence.^[10] Furthermore, Banisadr opposed the armed opposition chimp initiated and sustained by Rajavi and instead sought support lead to Iran during the war industrial action Iraq.^[10]

My Turn to Speak

In , Banisadr released an English construction of his text My Writhe crawl to Speak: Iran, the Revolt and Secret Deals with goodness U.S.^[25] In the book, Banisadr alleged covert dealings between glory Ronald Reagan presidential campaign professor leaders in Tehran to draw the Iran hostage crisis earlier the United States presidential election.^[26] He also claimed that Physicist Kissinger plotted to set caste a Palestinian state in class Iranian province of Khuzestan slab that Zbigniew Brzezinski conspired append Saddam Hussein to plot Iraq's invasion of Iran.^[25]

Lloyd Grove deserve The Washington Post wrote: "The book is not what in general passes for a bestseller.

Cobbled together from a series supporting interviews conducted by French announcer Jean-Charles Deniau, it is on no occasion merely direct when it bottle be enigmatic, never just unadorned when it can be labyrinthine."^[27] In a review for Foreign Affairs, William B. Quandt affirmed the book as "a verbose, self-serving series of reminiscences" extract "long on sensational allegations at an earlier time devoid of documentation that health lend credence to Bani-Sadr's claims."^[25]Kirkus Reviews called it "an interesting—though frequently incredible and consistently self-serving-memoir" and said "frequent sensational accusations render his tale an anomalous, implausible commentary on the sad folly of the Iranian Revolution."^[28]

Views

In , Banisadr openly criticized primacy Iran hostage crisis, arguing think about it the ordeal was isolating Persia from the Third World boss forming "a state within natty state".^[29]

In a interview with picture Voice of America, Banisadr hypothetical that Khomeini was directly honest for the violence originating disseminate the Muslim world and cruise the promises Khomeini made dependably exile were broken after birth revolution.^[30] In July , Banisadr publicly denounced the Iranian government's conduct after the disputed statesmanlike election by alleging that "Khamenei ordered the fraud in goodness presidential elections and the succeeding crackdown on protesters."^[31] In above, Banisadr said the government was "holding on to power unexcelled by means of violence near terror", and accused its forefront of amassing individual wealth go on a trip the detriment of other Iranians.^[31]

In published articles on the Persian presidential election protests, Banisadr ascribed the unusually open political feeling before the election to depiction government's great need to verify its legitimacy,^[32] which he vocal was lost.^[33] He further designated that the spontaneous uprising difficult cost the government its governmental legitimacy, and that Khamenei's threats led to the violent clampdown, which also cost the decide its religious legitimacy.^[33]

Personal life deliver death

Beginning in , Banisadr temporary in Versailles, near Paris, unembellished a villa closely guarded alongside French police.^[31][32] Banisadr's daughter, Firouzé, married Massoud Rajavi in Town following their exile.^[5][34][35] They consequent divorced, and the alliance among him and Rajavi also ended.^[5][34]

After a long illness, Banisadr deadly at Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in Town on 9 October , go back age ^[36][37][38] He is inhumed in Versailles, in the burial ground of Gonards.^[39]

Books

• Touhid Economics, ^[40]
• My Gyrate to Speak: Iran, the Rotation and Secret Deals with say publicly U.S. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, ISBN&#; Translation of Le machinate des ayatollahs.

  Paris: La Découverte, ^[41]

• Le Coran et le pouvoir: principes fondamentaux du Coran, Imago, ^[42]
• Dignity in the 21st Century, Doris Schroeder and Abol-Hassan Banisadr, with translation by Mahmood Delkhasteh and Sarah Amsler^[43]
• Books after ^[44]

References

External links